Piece of cake

	Statement	Negative	Question
I She/he/it We/you/they	have worked... has worked... have worked...	haven't worked... hasn’t worked... haven’t worked...	Have I worked...? Has she worked...? Have you worked...?
I’ve worked here since 2001. I haven’t been to China. Has he arrived yet?
1. To link past and present: I have lived in London since I was a student. (I still live there) 2. When the result of a past action is still evident. What have you done to your hair?
The following expressions also have the function of linking the past with the present: already, since then, so far, up to now
Just	I’ve just had dinner.
Yet	Has your sister arrived yet? (question) I haven’t had breakfast yet. (negative)
Already	I’ve already seen that film. (statement)
Since	We have been friends since we were children.
For	They have known eacht other for a long time.
Have you ever...?	Have you ever been to Australia?
Never Been Gone	My mom has never travelled by plane. He has been to college. (ele voltou e terminou) He has gone to college. (ele ainda está lá)

Alguns verbos podem ser seguidos somente de infinitivo: to+verb(infinitive) I want to go home!”
Alguns verbos podem ser seguidos somente de gerúndio: Verb+ing (gerund) “I enjoy playing tennis.”
Alguns verbos aceitam as duas situações: “Last year I started learning French.” “Last year I started to learn French.”
O verbo “to stop” (parar) aceita as duas condições, porém altera o sentido da frase: “He stopped having lunch, because a friend was on the telephone.” Ele parou de almoçar para atender ao amigo. “He stopped to have lunch.” Ele parou para almoçar.
Alguns verbos seguidos geralmente de gerúndio ou substantivo: Stop, enjoy, dislike, practice, finish, miss, mind, give up, suggest, avoid, involve, risk, appreciate, try, consider, imagine, deny, postpone (put off), delay, admit	Alguns verbos seguidos por gerúndio ou infinitivo: Begin, start, continue, prefer

Summary: modal auxiliaries and similar expressions
Auxiliary	Meaning	Example
Can	Ability	I can sing.
	Polite question	Can you please help me?
Could	Past ability	I couldn’t go to class yesterday.
	Polite question	Could you please help me?
May	Possibility	It may rain tomorrow.
	Polite question	May I help you?
Might	Possibility	It might rain tomorrow.
Must	Necessity	You must have a passport.
Should	Advisability	You should see a doctor.
Will	Future happening	I will meet you ath the airport.
Would	Polite question	Would you please open the door?
Be able to	Ability	I wasn’t able to attend the course.
Be going to	Future happening	I’m going to meet you at the airport.
Have to	Necessity	I have to study tonight.
Had to	Past necessity	I had to study last night too.

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